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Sales promotions and food consumption Oxford Academic
Direct price discounts such as “50% off” Coupons issued by the manufacturers or supermarkets Discounts via supermarket loyalty cards Refunds Extra-product price promotions Free with-purchase (buy-one-get-one-free) Reduced price with-purchase (buy one and get another at a reduced price)
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How Do Consumers’ Cultural Backgrounds and Values
With coupons used online, consumers often need to search for the right coupon (which, in our experience, can be quite effortful and time-consuming) and apply the coupon code in the appropriate box during checkout. 2 In contrast, low self-regulators may be deterred by the effortful process of using coupons and may be tempted to use their time on
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Stigma by Association in Coupon Redemption: Looking Cheap
To manipulate coupon value, buyers were then privately informed that the bookstore was running a promotion and that a coupon was available for the assigned product. The experimenter provided buyers with $5.00 and a coupon worth either $0.25 (low value) or $1.00 (high value) off …
Ignored or Rejected: Retail Exclusion Effects on Construal
Coupon Code Preference. For the analysis of coupon code preferences, we used only points allocated to the coupon code format Y (textual format) because the points allocated to both options had to equal 100. As predicted, a one-way ANOVA showed a main effect of retail exclusion type (F(3, 200) = 4.70, p = .003).
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Promotional Games Increase Consumer Conversion Rates and
While prior research on discounts has studied how different facets of a straight discount, such as how its format (e.g., percentage off vs. buy one get one free; Gordon-Hecker et al. 2019), amount (Grewal et al. 1998), and presentation (Krishna et al. 2002) impact decision making, it is a priori unclear how such discounts would be judged vis-à
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How Price Promotions Influence Postpurchase Consumption
Methodological consistency considerations along with practical laboratory constraints have led us, across experiments, to control for the discount level (50% off) and type of promotion (simple cash discount commonly used in retail stores) and to choose product categories (juice, chocolate, music) to which a small discount amount (50 cents
Effect of Goal Specificity on Consumer Goal Reengagement
There were 25 items on the grocery list, and participants were given 16 coupons (e.g., 37 cents off brand A shampoo, 10% off brand C coffee); some coupons were not relevant to their grocery list. Then participants went through a virtual grocery store in …
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Asymmetric Effect of Discount Retraction on Subsequent
The trade-off contrast hypothesis introduced by Simonson and Tversky to interpret context-dependent choice regularities can also be used to predict an unconditional negative postpromotion effect: promoted brands offer an improved price-quality trade-off, and, by an effect of contrast, the regular price offering loses attractiveness when the
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Squeezed: Coping with Constraint through Efficiency and
Perhaps most fundamentally, priority plans necessitate explicitly trading off one goal for another. Efficiency plans may entail trade-offs that are less explicit. For instance, coupon clippers trade off the time they spend looking for coupons for the financial savings they realize. Consequently, they are not avoiding opportunity costs.
Competition in Posted Prices with Stochastic Discounts
A naive view would argue that since consumers who negotiate reductions off posted prices or use discount coupons pay lower prices than do price takers, bargaining and discount coupons ought to be encouraged. This was certainly the view of the United Kingdom’s Office of Fair Trading (2004, section 1.12) with regard to the estate agency market
“The coupons and stuff just made it possible”: economic
INTRODUCTION. Chronic diseases are among the most common and costly, yet preventable and manageable, health problems in the USA [].Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the USA, accounting for approximately 31% of deaths each year [].CVD disproportionately affects racial minority groups and adults with lower socioeconomic status.
Taking Out the Trash: Don DeLillo’s Underworld, Liquid
to trashlessness, that is too far off, and, anyway unimaginable, unrealistic . . . A. R. Ammons, Garbage, §2. 1–8. clipped coupons promising savings of 5 or 10¢, trading stamps, pink flyers advertising specials at the markets, butts, tooth-shy combs, help-wanted ads, Yellow Pages torn from the phone book, rags of old underwear or
Power and Action Orientation: Power as a Catalyst for
Researchers have found that price discounts such as media-distributed coupons and cents-off deals induce brand switching (Dodson et al. 1978). Sales promotions also affect brand switching with a large portion of the sales promotion elasticity (from 40% to 94%, depending on the product category) attributed to brand switching (see Bell, Chiang
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Room for Opportunity: Resource Scarcity Increases
Then, in a purportedly unrelated task, participants imagined that they wanted to go grocery shopping and found discount coupons for two local supermarkets in the newspaper. One supermarket offers 10% to 30% off (i.e., a range offer), whereas the other offers 20% off (i.e., a point offer).
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Choosing Here and Now versus There and Later: The
As expected, psychological distance did not produce a main effect (β = −.073, Wald χ 2 (1, N = 197) < 1), and trade-off saliency produced a marginally significant main effect (β = −.289, Wald χ 2 (1, N = 197) = 3.26, p = .07), indicating that participants were marginally less likely to choose the larger assortment when they were given
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Shopping Goals, Goal Concreteness, and Conditional
If the financial value of coupons is the only factor that consumers consider in their spending decisions, conditional coupons with lower-than-average minimum required spending can be less effective in increasing consumers' spending than those with higher-than-average minimum required spending, but this should not have an overall negative effect
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Price of “Free”-dom: Consumer Sensitivity to Promotions
It follows that, when the promotion is nonmonetary (such as free shipping or a free gift), consumers are more likely to process it independent of price. Conversely, when the promotion is a price-off or a coupon, consumers can easily calculate the change in product costs and incorporate it into their value assessment.
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Can the Trade-off Theory Explain Debt Structure
The first column details which articles allow for some form of debt renegotiation. Anderson and Sundaresan introduce strategic debt service using a binomial tree extensive form game.Mella-Barral and Hege and Mella-Barral (HMB) (2000, 2005) allow for repeated irreversible coupon concessions.Francois and Morellec model the Chapter 11 process, rather than a private workout.
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Zero-Coupon Yields and the Cross-Section of Bond Prices
The three yield curves plotted in Figure 1 show that there can be great differences between various representation methods. The two zero-coupon curves fit the yields to maturity moderately well for durations less than 5 years (though they disagree with each other at the 3- and 4-year maturities), but between 5 and 12 years there seem to be two separate curves in the Treasury yields data.
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All Work and No Pay: Violations of Employment and Labor
Another form of unpaid work is “off-the-clock” work, or work that takes place before or after a regularly scheduled shift and for which no pay is provided. By law, employees must be paid for all of the hours they work; any work performed before or after official start and end times must be compensated in accordance with minimum wage laws.
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Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Cigar Products in the
Coupons featured via Black & Mild emails were all for $2 off. Black & Mild direct mail coupons included discounts that ranged from 50 cents off to $2 off and Swisher Sweets coupons included $1-off coupons and buy one-get one free coupons. A breakdown of coupons by channel can be found in Table 2.
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What do the Papers Sell
Second, advertisers only value readers who will notice their advertisements 25 but coupons may attract ‘readers’ who simply tear out the coupons and discard the paper. Indeed, in the realistic case where readers can take both papers and just read the better one (if sufficiently interesting), papers must again compete on accuracy; so the
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Structural Models of Corporate Bond Pricing: An Empirical
Abstract. This article empirically tests five structural models of corporate bond pricing: those of Merton (1974), Geske (1977), Longstaff and Schwartz (1995), Leland and Toft (1996), and Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein (2001).We implement the models using a sample of 182 bond prices from firms with simple capital structures during the period 1986–1997.
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De Facto Seniority, Credit Risk, and Corporate Bond Prices
Average coupons are also higher for speculative-grade bonds at 7.10% as compared to 5.84% for investment-grade bonds, reflecting the fact that most bonds are issued at par. We also report summary statistics for four bond-level illiquidity measures (the Amihud measure, Amihud volatility, the IRC measure, and IRC volatility) in panel A.
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reflection of history: fluctuations in Greek sovereign
From 1 May and again from 1 November each year, coupons were paid off at Hambros Bank in London, while at the same time bonds drawn by lot for redemption could be redeemed. 15 Consequently, these biannual, regularly spaced spikes were removed from the data set before any further analysis was carried out. 3.3.2 Detecting breakpoints in the variance
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Use of Lidocaine Patch 5% for Chronic Low Back Pain: A
The lidocaine patch (two patches, 12 hours on/12 hours off, applied to the affected areas) was then added to her treatment regimen. After 1 month on the lidocaine patch, the patient was significantly more active and was able to return to work. Her pain was reduced by three points on the analog numeric pain scale from 8 to 5/10.
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Cyclic dipeptide cyclo(l-leucyl-l-prolyl) from marine
Again, the coupons were washed off to remove unbound stain and finally air-dried before examination. SS coupons with cells grown in CLP-free medium were utilized as control. Images of the stained SS coupons were visualized under CLSM (LSM 710, Carl Zeiss, Germany) and processed with Zeiss LSM Image Examiner (Version 4.2.0.121), equipped with an
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Colonization of freshwater biofilms by nitrifying bacteria
Biofilms from the flume microcosms were scraped off the ceramic coupons by using sterile coverslips and were pooled in 2-mL plastic vials. Epilithic biofilms from the La Tordera streambed were collected from the shaded bottom side of three randomly selected cobbles per sampling site and date.
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Tobacco Industry Promotions and Pricing After Tax
Public promotions such as consumer coupons and the creation and promotion of discount brands can be tracked using surveillance data, 6, 10, 14–21, 31 so we concentrated instead on promotions directed to wholesalers and retailers and on manufacturer price changes. We anticipated that while the tobacco industry approaches price increases in
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Phylogenetic and functional diversity of bacteria in
Coupons carrying biofilm used for DNA extraction, enrichment cultures and determination of potential sulfate reduction rate were stored submerged in dithionite-reduced DHS water in sealed glass bottles filled to capacity until analysis (<6 h). Biofilms were scraped off coupons using sterile plastic spatulas and surgical blades.
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Synthetic or Real
The triangle of long bondholders has been cut off at the top (for ease of comparison, the triangle of long bond positions in the absence of the CDS is depicted by the dashed line). The resulting migration of long bond investors to the CDS market leads to a reduction in demand for the bond, exerting downward pressure on the bond price.
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Socio-economic and gender differences in nutritional
All stand alone advertisements were included, but advertorials, money-off coupons and product placements were excluded. Advertisements for food and drink (referred to as ‘food’), but not food supplements (e.g. vitamins and fibre drinks), were grouped into one of eight food categories based on the UK Food Standards Agency's ‘Eatwell plate
Incomplete Blockade: Soviet Zone Supply of West Berlin
The Soviet “cut-off”of electricity to West Berlin consisted of a demand that the Western sectors draw no more from the city's power grid than their own relatively small and inefficient plants fed into it.44 As a result, severe conservation measures were imposed in West Berlin, which, naturally, made no exceptions for companies desiring to
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL …
The alcohol industry spends more than $1 billion each year on measured media advertising, such as television, radio, print, and billboards. However, even for heavily advertised alcohol brands, measured media account for only one-third to one-half of total marketing expenditures (Federal Trade Commission, 1999).For example, a mid-sized marketing budget for one alcohol brand allocated …
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Hydraulic fracturing offers view of microbial life in the
Biofilm samples from corrosion coupons submerged at 2–3 depths X X 6 Kirk et al. Sanger sequencing, 16S rRNA archaea and bacteria Antrim Shale, MI Four total samples; three wells sampled in 2009, one also sampled in 2002 All three wells more than a decade old X X 7 Liang et al.
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Simple Model of the Taxable and Tax-Exempt Yield Curves
This appears to be grossly violated in the data. This is documented in Tables 1–3 and Figure 1.The data employed here, as in virtually all the existing work on tax-exempt bonds, are taken from Salomon Brothers' Analytical Record of Yields and Yield Spreads (1991). This source provides monthly estimates of yields for municipals in different default risk categories for various maturities.
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financial penalty for “unfair” debt: the case of Cuban
According to the Cuban bondholder association of 1899–1900, the total loss for the Cuban bondholders would be 50%. This was computed as 20% was taken off as Cuban debts were colonial debts, another 20% was taken off because of Spanish taxes and some more deduction as coupons were paid in pesetas which incurred exchange rate losses.
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Consideration Sets and Competitive Marketing The Review
In the remainder of this section, we will analyse market implications of two examples of consideration functions that depend only on Ms and Mn, using the same kind of model of competitive marketing analysed in Section 3. The following structure is common to the two examples. Let ℳ = {0,1,…, K } and 𝒜 = X × ℳ.
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Microbe repelling coated stainless steel analysed by field
Biofilms were grown on the steel coupons immersed in media inoculated with the test strains as described in Table 1. Non-adhered or loosely adhered cells were washed off with water. The coupons were stained with Syto9 and the cell numbers were obtained from the fluorescence readings using a standard curve calibrated by microscopic counting.
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